Prosecutorial Ethics: The Case for the Per Se Rule

“The integrity of the legal system is essential to public confidence in government. Without public confidence, the rule of law loses its meaning. The prosecutor is often the most visible participant in the criminal justice system, and thus, even the appearance of impropriety in the prosecutor\u27s behavior erodes the public trust. He has a duty to seek justice and truth, not only to convict. This duty creates a dual role for the prosecutor: he is both an advocate seeking to obtain convictions and a minister of justice attempting to discover the truth. The public expects him to fulfill these functions to the best of his ability and to act fairly in executing all of his responsibilities. There are, however, instances where the prosecutor\u27s conduct prevents a fair trial. This Note will discuss the ethical problems faced by the prosecutor who litigates both civil and criminal cases arising out of the same dispute or set of facts. These ethical issues arise in two situations: where the prosecutor\u27s prior private practice conflicts with his current position or where the prosecutor simultaneously maintains a private practice that conflicts with his position as prosecutor. In either situation, the prosecutor confronts ethical considerations bearing directly on his impartial role as minister of justice. Part II of this Note discusses the obligations of the prosecutor and the professional standards that govern his conduct. Part III examines some of the factors that can generate prosecutorial misconduct, and Part IV presents the case law governing such ethical dilemmas. Part V considers the shortcomings in the present case law and argues that the existing law inadequately deters unethical behavior. In order to deter unethical behavior, Part VI recommends the adoption of a per se rule, which would prohibit a prosecutor\u27s involvement in criminal cases that overlap with cases from their private practices.

An Approximation to the Cross Sections of Z_l Boson Production at CLIC by Using Neural Networks

In this work, the possible dynamics associated with leptophilic Z_l boson at CLIC (Compact Linear Collider) have been investigated by using artificial neural networks (ANNs). These hypotetic massive boson Z_l have been shown through the process e+e- -> M+M-. Furthermore, the invariant mass distributions for final muons have been consistently predicted by using ANN. For these highly non-linear data, we have constructed consistent empirical physical formulas (EPFs) by appropriate feed- forward ANN. These ANN-EPFs can be used to derive further physical functions which could be relevant to studying Z_l.Comment: 9 pages, 8 figure

An artificial neural network application on nuclear charge radii

The artificial neural networks (ANNs) have emerged with successful applications in nuclear physics as well as in many fields of science in recent years. In this paper, by using (ANNs), we have constructed a formula for the nuclear charge radii. Statistical modeling of nuclear charge radii by using ANNs has been seen as to be successful. Also, the charge radii, binding energies and two-neutron separation energies of Sn isotopes have been calculated by implementing of the new formula in Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) calculations. The results of the study shows that the new formula is useful for describing nuclear charge radii.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figure

Systematics on ground-state energies of nuclei within the neural networks

One of the fundamental ground-state properties of nuclei is binding energy. In this study, we have employed artificial neural networks (ANNs) to obtain binding energies based on the data calculated from Hartree-Fock-Bogolibov (HFB) method with the two SLy4 and SKP Skyrme forces. Also, ANNs have been employed to obtain two-neutron and two-proton separation energies of nuclei. Statistical modeling of nuclear data using ANNs has been seen as to be successful in this study. Such a statistical model can be possible tool for searching in systematics of nuclei beyond existing experimental nuclear data.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figure

Phonons of Metallic Vicinal Surfaces

We present an analysis of the vibrational dynamics of metal vicinal surfaces using the embedded atom method to describe the interaction potential and both a real space Green's function method and a slab method to calculate the phonons. We report two main general characteristics : a global shift of the surface vibrational density of states resulting from a softening of the force field. The latter is a direct result of the reduction of coordination for the different type of surface atoms; and an appearance of high frequency modes above the bulk band, resulting from a stiffening of the force field near the step atom. The latter is due to a rearrangement of the atomic positions during the relaxation of the surface atoms yielding a large shortening of the nearest neighbor distances near the step atoms.Comment: 6 figures, to appear in Sur. Sci. proceedings of VAS1

Electronic Structure of the c(2x2)O/Cu(001) System

The locally self-consistent real space multiple scattering technique has been applied to calculate the electronic structure and chemical binding for the c(2x2)O/Cu(001) system, as a function of $d_{O-Cu1}$ -- the height of oxygen above the fourfold hollow sites. It is found that the chemical binding between oxygen and copper has a mixed ionic-covalent character for all plausible values of $d_{O-Cu1}$. Furthermore, the electron charge transfer from Cu to O depends strongly on $d_{O-Cu1}$ and is traced to the variation of the long-range electrostatic part of the potential. A competition between the hybridization of Cu1-$d_{xz}$ with O-$p_x,p_y$ and Cu1-$d_{x^2-y^2}$ with O-$p_z$ states controls modification of the electronic structure when oxygen atoms approach the Cu(001) surface. The anisotropy of the oxygen valence electron charge density is found to be strongly and non-monotonically dependent on $d_{O-Cu1}$.Comment: 14 pages, 7 figures, 1 tabl